5.45x39 Soviet
This cartridge was originally developed during late 1960s as a direct
rival to the US 5.56x45 M193 carttridge then in use by US Army.
Originally it featured a long, low-drag bullet with mild steel core and a
hollow cavity in the nose to provide optimum balance, and a laquered
steel case. This version was adopted in 1974 and oficially designated in
USSR as 5.45mm 7N6. Later on, this cartridge was generally replaced in
production in Russia by 7N10 ammunition, which has improved penetration
thanks to harder steel core. Other bullet types in the 5.45x39 range of
military ammunition include tracers, armor piercing and subsonic
cartridges (for use by Spetsnaz troops in silenced AKS-74UB compact
assault rifles).
The 5.45x39 is still a general issue caliber in the Russian military and a few of other ex-USSR republics. In most other the ex-Warsaw pact countries this caliber was gradually replaced in service with 5.56x45 NATO ammunition and appropriate weapons.
The 5.45x39 is still a general issue caliber in the Russian military and a few of other ex-USSR republics. In most other the ex-Warsaw pact countries this caliber was gradually replaced in service with 5.56x45 NATO ammunition and appropriate weapons.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| 5.45x39 7N6 | 3.43 | 880 | 1328 | bullet with mild steel core |
| 5.45x39 7N10 | 3.62 | 880 | 1400 | bullet with enhanced penetration |
| 5.45x39 7N22 | 3.68 | 890 | 1430 | armor-piercing bullet with hardened steel core |
| 5.45x39 7U1 | 5.2 | 303 | 239 | subsonic, for use with silenced AKS-74UB compact rifle only |
5.56x45
The story of this cartridge begins in around 1950, when US Army
initiated the study in small arms effectiveness, that culminated in
famous ORO reports by Hall (An Effectiveness Study of the Infantry Rifle) and Hitchman (Operational Requirements for an Infantry Hand Weapon).
Among other conclusions, these reports called for weapon with effective
range of about 300 yards, with controlled pattern dispersion of hits in
bursts, to improve hit probability. One of proposed solutions was to
create burst-firing small-caliber weapon firing conventional projectile.
In 1952, an M2 carbine re-barreled to experimental .22 caliber round
(based on shortened .222 Rem case) was studied and found promising.
Various other rounds with .22 caliber projectiles, based on .30-06 and
T67 (.30 / 7.62 NATO) were tseted as well. In 1957, the Armalite Ar-15
rifle, firing the newly developed .222 remington Special cartridge was
tested, and in 1959 the .222 Special cartridge, developed to fulfill new
military requrements for 500 meters effective fire, was renamed to .223
Remington (as a commercial offering). In 1961 US Air Force and ARPA
requested a number of .223 caliber Ar-15 rifles, and military service of
the new round commences in early 1962, when US AF standartised Ar-15
rifle as M16. US Army adopted the .223 cartridge as 5.56x45mm in 1963,
and Remington commercially introduced the .223 as a hunting round in
1964.
Following the problems with 7.62mm M14 rifle and protracted delays with SPIW program, the M16 rifle and its .223 caliber (5.56x45) ammunition was adopted as a next US Military infantry rifle system. After much field use in Vietnam and elsewhere, and extensive trials, an updated version of the .223 cartridge, loaded with heavier SS109 bullet of Belgian design, was officially adopted in 1979 as a new NATO round, known as 5.56x45 NATO. Recent issues with insufficient stopping power of M855 5.56mm NATO ammunition in Iraq and Afghanistan (especially when firing from short-barreled carbines) resulted in development of an even heavier loading, the Mk.262, with bullet of enhanced ballistic and striking performance. Many other types of projectiles also available for this caliber in 'military' versions, ranging from blank and short-range tpractice and up to armour-piercing and tracer. The variety of civilian versions (intended for small-game hunting, plinking, target shooting and self-defense) is almost infinite, and this round is produced in many countries. Great many weapons, both military and civilian, are available for this caliber.
Following the problems with 7.62mm M14 rifle and protracted delays with SPIW program, the M16 rifle and its .223 caliber (5.56x45) ammunition was adopted as a next US Military infantry rifle system. After much field use in Vietnam and elsewhere, and extensive trials, an updated version of the .223 cartridge, loaded with heavier SS109 bullet of Belgian design, was officially adopted in 1979 as a new NATO round, known as 5.56x45 NATO. Recent issues with insufficient stopping power of M855 5.56mm NATO ammunition in Iraq and Afghanistan (especially when firing from short-barreled carbines) resulted in development of an even heavier loading, the Mk.262, with bullet of enhanced ballistic and striking performance. Many other types of projectiles also available for this caliber in 'military' versions, ranging from blank and short-range tpractice and up to armour-piercing and tracer. The variety of civilian versions (intended for small-game hunting, plinking, target shooting and self-defense) is almost infinite, and this round is produced in many countries. Great many weapons, both military and civilian, are available for this caliber.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| 5.56x45 M193 | 3.5 | 991 | 1750 | from standard assault rifle barrel (20") |
| 5.56x45 M885 | 4.15 | 930 | 1790 | from standard assault rifle barrel (20") |
| 5.56x45 M885 | 4.15 | 880 | 1600 | from carbine barrel (14") |
| 5.56x45 Mk.262 | 5 | 895 | 2000 | from standard assault rifle barrel (20") |
| 5.56x45 Mk.262 | 5 | 772 | 1490 | from carbine barrel (13") |
5.8x42 DAP-87
This is a relatively new cartridge, developed by Chinese experts during
mid- to late 1980s. Today it is a main infantry cartridge in the PLA,
which is chambered in assault rifles, light and universal machine guns
and sniper rifles. For latter applications (machine guns and sniping) a
long-range version was developed that features heavier bullet and higher
pressure load. It is believed that this long range version might
replace standard version as a general issue ammunition, which apparently
displayed unsatisfactory medium- and long-range performance in PLA use.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| 5.8x42 DAP-87 | 4.15 | 790 | 1290 | standard military ball bullet from carbine barrel |
| 5.8x42 DAP-87 | 4.15 | 930 | 1790 | standard military ball bullet from standard assult rifle barrel |
| 5.8x42 DAP-87 | 5 | 895 | 2000 | heavy ball from machine gun or sniper rifle barrel |
6.5 Grendel (6.5x39)
This cartridge was developed in around 2002 to provide Ar-15 type
rifles with long-range capabilities and terminal effectiveness that are
generally not possible with standard 5.56 mm / .223 ammunition. The 6.5
Grendel is based on .220 PPC cartridge, developed for shooting matches,
which in turn is based on Soviet 7.62x39 catridge case. The 6.5 Grendel
provides longer range and better terminal effectiveness over the
5.56x45, thanks to heavier bullets with better balistics. The price for
this improvement is somewhat stronger recoil (although it's still
noticeably less than that of 7.62x51 / .308), and decreased magazine
capacity (due to a larger diameter case). The 6.5 Grendel is viewed by
many as an 'ideal compromise' assault rifle round, although today its
practical use is limited mostly to civilian applications (hunting,
target shooting, self-defense). This cartridge is manufactured in USA
and Serbia, and weapons for it produced mostly in USA.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| 6.5 Grendel | 5.8 | 880 | 2250 | Speer TNT bullet |
| 6.5 Grendel | 8.0 | 820 | 2600 | Sierra MK bullet |
6.8 Remington SPC (6.8x43)
The 6.8mm Remington is another attempt to produce an 'ideal' assault
rifle cartridge which would provide good terminal effectiveness
(stopping and killing power) from short, carbine barrels out to 300
meters, while having dimensions and recoil close to 5.56x45 NATO (which
lacks terminal effectiveness, especially when fired from short
carbines). This cartridge was commercially developed by Remington with
collaboration from some members of US Special forces, and the 6.8mm
ammunition and weapons were apparently tested by US Military, but none
were adopted so far. The 6.8 Rem SPC is, to certain extent, a direct
rival to the 6.5 Grendel round described above. Today, the 6.8 Rem
ammunition is manufactured commercialy in USA, and few weapons are
available to fire this round.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| 6.8 Rem SPC | 7.45 | 800 | 2390 | from 61cm / 24" rifle barrel |
| 6.8 Rem SPC | 7.12 | 785 | 2200 | from 40cm / 16" carbine barrel |
.30 M1 carbine (7.62x33)
This cartridge was born in 1940 from the US Army's "Light Rifle"
project, which was intended to provide military personnel (that is
normally not issued with standard rifle) with handy carbine instead of
the very marginally effective handguns. The project succeeded, and great
many carbines and cartridges for them were made during WW2 and shortly
afterwards. This ammunition was extensively used during WW2 and Korean
war, but after that it's use rapidly declined. Originally it was
chambered in only one type of mass-produced weapon, the US M1 carbine
(and its variations M1A1, M2 and M3). Several countries (i.e. France and
Italy) attempted to produce experimental assault rifles for this
cartridge in late 1940s, but none succeeded. The only weapons of
relatively recent design and manufacture to fire this cartridge are
Israeli "Magal" police rifle and Brazilian Taurus TC-30 carbine (also
intended for police use). Ammunition in this caliber is still loaded
commercially as there's still many M1 carbines around in civilian hands.
Few handguns (pistols and revolvers) were built over the time to fire
this cartridge, but firing .30 Carbine round from short barrel usually
results in extensive (some say: spectacular) muzzle blast and flash.
By modern standards, this round somewhat lacks effective range and power, but it is nevertheless an effective round for police use and self-defense, with effective range being about 200 to 300 meters from a carbine. It also outperforms most common pistol cartridges (i.e. 7.62x25, 9x19 Luger or .45ACP), fired from submachine guns, in terms of muzzle energy (when it is fired from carbine barrel) by about 100% at all practical ranges.
By modern standards, this round somewhat lacks effective range and power, but it is nevertheless an effective round for police use and self-defense, with effective range being about 200 to 300 meters from a carbine. It also outperforms most common pistol cartridges (i.e. 7.62x25, 9x19 Luger or .45ACP), fired from submachine guns, in terms of muzzle energy (when it is fired from carbine barrel) by about 100% at all practical ranges.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| .30 M1 | 7 | 606 | 1300 | military ball bullet |
7.62x39 M43 Soviet
Development of this round was initiated in late 1943, when Red Army
requested development of new, intermediate power weapons to fill the gap
between pistol-caliber submachine guns and full-power rifles. This
requirement came from studying two then-new weapon systems - German
MKb.42 assault rifle and its 7.92x33 cartridge and US M1 carbine and its
.30 M1 cartridge. First cartridges were developed in 1944, featuring
steel bottlenecked case 41mm long, loaded with pointed, flat-based
jacketed bullet with lead core. First weapons for this cartridge were
developed in late 1944, and included bolt-action and semi-automatic
carbines, light machine guns and automatic (assult) rifles. In 1947 the
cartridge case was shortened to 39mm, with introduction of the slightly
longer, boat-tailed bullet with mild steel core, and in this form it was
adopted for service in Soviet Army. While officially replaced in
front-line service in Soviet army by 4.45x39 ammunition in 1974, it was
never officially declared obsolete and plenty of 7.62x39 weapons are
still in service with Russian army and law enforcement forces. This
cartridge also gained widespread acceptance along with appropriately
chambered weapons produced in USSR, its former allies and China.
Today this is one of the most widely used military cartridges in the world, with weapons and ammunition produced in many countries and many versions. Huntig versions of the 7.62x39 ammunition are also manufactured in several countries; those usually feature lead-core expanding or non-expanding bullets.
Today this is one of the most widely used military cartridges in the world, with weapons and ammunition produced in many countries and many versions. Huntig versions of the 7.62x39 ammunition are also manufactured in several countries; those usually feature lead-core expanding or non-expanding bullets.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| 7.62x39 57-N-231 | 8 | 710 | 2010 | Standard military ball bullet with mild steel core |
| 7.62x39 7N23 | 8 | 730 | 2130 | Armor-piercing bullet |
| 7.62x39 US | 12.5 | 300 | 562 | Subsonic, for use with silenced AKM rifles |
7.62x45 Vz.52
This cartridge was developed during late 1940s and early 1950s by
Czhechoslovak military experts, and originally was chambered in just two
weapons - Vz.52 semi-automatic carbine and Vz.52 light machine gun. A
true assault (automatic) rifle for this cartridge was still in the works
when Czhechoslovak army was forced (under Warsaw pact standartisation
agreements) to replace this round with slightly less powerful 7.62x39
M43 round of Soviet origin.
Today thsi round is obsolete and its production has long been completed.
Today thsi round is obsolete and its production has long been completed.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| 7.62x45 Vz.52 | 8.4 | 744 | 2325 | military ball bullet |
7.92x33 PP Kurz
Developed in 1940 by Polte company in Germany, this cartridge is
usually quoted as the first practical intermediate power assault rifle
cartridge, although it had significant number of predecessors
(experimental military cartridges and certain medium-power commercial
hunting cartridges). This cartridge was extensively used in MP.43/ MP.44
/ Stg.44 assault rifles by German army during WW2, and by the
Yugoslavian paratroopers and East German police after WW2. No new
military weapons to fire this ammunition were ever made since WW2. This
cartridge was produced in Yugoslavia until early 1980s, and small
batches of newly made cartridges still appear on the commercial markets
from today's Serbia, to satisfy collectors who still own and shoot
WW2-era guns. For all practical purposes it is considered obsolete,
although its historical significance cannot be underestimated.
| Designation | Bullet weight, g | Muzzle velocity, m/s | Muzzle energy, J | Comments |
| 7.92x33 PP Kurz | 8.1 | 686 | 1900 | military ball bullet |
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